why failure is good for success-shivam singh

Failure Is Life’s Greatest Teacher

 When we take a closer look at the great thinkers throughout history, a willingness to take on failure isn’t a new or extraordinary thought at all. From the likes of Augustine, Darwin and Freud to the business mavericks and sports legends of today, failure is as powerful a tool as any in reaching great success. “Failure and defeat are life’s greatest teachers [but] sadly, most people, and particularly conservative corporate cultures, don’t want to go there,” says Ralph Heath, managing partner of Synergy Leadership Group and author of Celebrating Failure: The Power of Taking Risks, Making Mistakes and Thinking Big. “Instead they choose to play it safe, to fly below the radar, repeating the same safe choices over and over again. They operate under the belief that if they make no waves, they attract no attention; no one will yell at them for failing because they generally never attempt anything great at which they could possibly fail (or succeed).”

However, in today’s post-recession economy, some employers are no longer shying away from failure—they’re embracing it. According to a recent article in BusinessWeek, many companies are deliberately seeking out those with track records reflecting both failure and success, believing that those who have been in the trenches, survived battle and come out on the other side have irreplaceable experience and perseverance.

“The quickest road to success is to possess an attitude toward failure of ‘no fear.’ ”

They’re veterans of failure. The prevailing school of thought in progressive companies—such as Intuit, General Electric, Corning and Virgin Atlantic—is that great success depends on great risk, and failure is simply a common byproduct. Executives of such organizations don’t mourn their mistakes but instead parlay them into future gains. “The quickest road to success is to possess an attitude toward failure of ‘no fear,’ ” says Heath. “To do their work well, to be successful and to keep their companies competitive, leaders and workers on the front lines need to stick their necks out a mile every day.

They have to deliver risky, edgy, breakthrough ideas, plans, presentations, advice, technology, products, leadership, bills and more. And they have to deliver all this fearlessly—without any fear whatsoever of failure, rejection or punishment.”

Reaching Your Potential

The same holds true for personal quests, whether in overcoming some specific challenge or reaching your full potential in all aspects of life. To achieve your personal best, to reach unparalleled heights, to make the impossible possible, you can’t fear failure, you must think big, and you have to push yourself. When we think of people with this mindset, we imagine the daredevils, the pioneers, the inventors, the explorers: They embrace failure as a necessary step to unprecedented success. But you don’t have to walk a tightrope, climb Mount Everest or cure polio to employ this mindset in your own life.

When the rewards of success are great, embracing possible failure is key to taking on a variety of challenges, whether you’re reinventing yourself by starting a new business or allowing yourself to trust another person to build a deeper relationship. “To achieve any worthy goal, you must take risks,” says writer and speaker John C. Maxwell. In his book Failing Forward: Turning Mistakes into Stepping Stones for Success, he points to the example of legendary aviator Amelia Earhart, who set several records and achieved many firsts in her lifetime, including being the first female pilot to fly solo over the Atlantic Ocean.

Although her final flight proved fateful, Maxwell believes she knew the risk—and that the potential reward was worth it. “[Earhart’s] advice when it came to risk was simple and direct: ‘Decide whether or not the goal is worth the risks involved. If it is, stop worrying.’ ” Of course, the risks you take should be calculated; you shouldn’t fly blindly into the night and simply hope for the best. Achieving the goal or at least waging a heroic effort requires preparation, practice and some awareness of your skills and talents.

Easing Into a Fearless Mindset

“One of the biggest secrets to success is operating inside your strength zone but outside of your comfort zone.”

“One of the biggest secrets to success is operating inside your strength zone but outside of your comfort zone,” Heath says. Although you might fail incredibly, you might succeed incredibly—and that’s why incredible risk and courage are requisite. Either way, you’ll learn more than ever about your strengths, talents and resolve, and you’ll strengthen your will for the next challenge. If this sounds like dangerous territory, it can be. But there are ways to ease into this fearless mindset.

Maintain a Positive Attitude

The first is to consciouslya mintain a positive attitude so that, no matter what you encounter, you’ll be able to see the lessons of the experience and continue to push forward. “It’s true that not everyone is positive by nature,” says Maxwell, who cites his father as someone who would describe himself as a negative person by nature. “Here’s how my dad changed his attitude. First he made a choice: He continually chooses to have a positive attitude.

Reading and Listening to Motivational Material

Second, he’s continually reading and listening to materials that bolster that attitude. For example, he’s read The Power of Positive Thinking many times. I didn’t get it at first, so once I asked him why. His response: ‘Son, I need to keep filling the tank so I can stay positive.’ ” Heath recommends studying the failures and subsequent reactions of successful people and, within a business context, repeating such histories for others. “Reward them and applaud their efforts in front of the entire organization so everyone understands it is OK to fail.

So employees say to themselves, ‘I see that Bill, the vice president of widgets, who the president adores, failed, and he is not only back at work, but he is driving a hot new sports car. I can fail and come to work the next day. Bill is proof of it.’ ” Finally, Heath stays motivated by the thought that, “if I become complacent and don’t take risks, someone will notice what I am doing and improve upon my efforts over time, and put me out of work. You’ve got to keep finding better ways to run your life, or someone will take what you’ve accomplished, improve upon it, and be very pleased with the results. Keep moving forward or die.”  

Author-Shivam singh

© Copyright 2018.
All rights reserved.

email-shivam.singh.rajput2017@gmail.com

बेटी बचाओ बेटी पढ़ाओ अभियान

पूरे भारत में लड़कियों को शिक्षित बनाने और उन्हें बचाने के लिये प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी ने बेटी बचाओ-बेटी पढ़ाओ नाम से लड़कियों के लिये एक योजना की शुरुआत की। इसका आरंभ हरियाणा के पानीपत में 22 जनवरी 2015, गुरुवार को हुआ। पूरे देश में हरियाणा में लिंगानुपात 775 लड़कियाँ पर 1000 लड़कों का है जो बेटीयों की दयनीय स्थिति को दर्शाता है इसी वजह से इसकी शुरुआत हरियाणा राज्य से हुई। लड़कियों की दशा को सुधारने के लिये पूरे देश के 100 जिलों में इसे प्रभावशाली तरीके से लागू किया गया है, सबसे कम स्त्री-पुरुष अनुपात होने की वजह से हरियाणा के 12 जिलों (अंबाला, कुरुक्षेत्र, रिवारी, भिवानी, महेन्द्रगण, सोनीपत, झज्जर, रोहतक, करनाल, यमुना नगर, पानीपत और कैथाल) को चुना गया।

लड़कियों की दशा को सुधारने और उन्हें महत्व देने के लिये हरियाणा सरकार 14 जनवरी को ‘बेटी की लोहड़ी’ नाम से एक कार्यक्रम मनाती है। इस योजना का उद्देश्य लड़कियों को सामाजिक और आर्थिक रुप से स्वतंत्र बनाना है जिससे वो अपने उचित अधिकार और उच्च शिक्षा का प्रयोग कर सकें। आम जन में जागरुकता फैलाने में ये मदद करता है साथ ही महिलाओं को दिये जाने वाले लोक कल्याणकारी सेवाएँ की कार्यकुशलता को भी बढ़ाएगा। अगर हम 2011 के सेंसस रिपोर्ट पर नजर डाले तो हम पाएँगे कि पिछले कुछ दशकों से 0 से 6 वर्ष के लड़कियों की संख्या में लगातार गिरावट हो रही है। 2001 में ये 927/1000 था जबकि 2011 में ये और गिर कर 919/1000 पर आ गया। अस्पतालों में आधुनिक लक्षण यंत्रों के द्वारा लिंग पता करने के बाद गर्भ में ही कन्या भ्रूण की हत्या करने की वजह से लड़कियों की संख्या में भारी कमी आयी है। समाज में लैंगिक भेदभाव की वजह से ये बुरी प्रथा अस्तित्व में आ गयी।

जन्म के बाद भी लड़कियों को कई तरह के भेदभाव से गुजरना पड़ता है जैसे शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, सुरक्षा, खान-पान, अधिकार आदि दूसरी जरुरतें है जो लड़कियों को भी प्राप्त होनी चाहिये। हम कह सकते हैँ कि महिलाओं को सशक्त करने के बजाय अशक्त किया जा रहा है। महिलाओं को सशक्त बनाने और जन्म से ही अधिकार देने के लिये सरकार ने इस योजना की शुरुआत की। महिलाओं के सशक्तिकरण से सभी जगह प्रगति होगी खासतौर से परिवार और समाज में। लड़कियों के लिये मानव की नकारात्मक पूर्वाग्रह को सकारात्मक बदलाव में परिवर्तित करने के लिये ये योजना एक रास्ता है। ये संभव है कि इस योजना से लड़कों और लड़कियों के प्रति भेदभाव खत्म हो जाये तथा कन्या भ्रूण हत्या का अन्त करने में ये मुख्य कड़ी साबित हो। इस योजना की शुरुआत करते हुए पीएम मोदी ने चिकित्सक बिरादरी को ये याद दिलाया कि चिकित्सा पेशा लोगों को जीवन देने के लिये बना है ना कि उन्हें खत्म करने के लिये।

मिशन -

हम भारत के वासी ये प्रण लेते है की हम भी इस अभियान का हिस्सा बनेगे और  अपना योगदान  देंगे लोगो को जागरूक करेंगे और एक नया भारत बनाएंगे 

जय हिन्द 

Author-Shivam singh

© Copyright 2018.
All rights reserved.

email-shivam.singh.rajput2017@gmail.com

भारत एक सपनो की उड़ान - साथ में हम कर सकते हैं !!! हमें एक साथ करना चाहिए!!!

हम, लोगों के समूह, पूरे भारत में काम कर रहे हैं, एक सपने का हिस्सा हैं। एक विकसित भारत का एक सपना गरीबी और निरक्षरता से मुक्त भारत। एक भारत जहां पलायन और नापसंद के बीच का अंतर उचित है। एक भारत जो यह जानता है कि हर डोमेन में इसकी पूर्ण क्षमता है वर्तमान में ये नहीं हो रहे हैं

स्वीकार्य समय सीमा के भीतर ये हासिल करने के लिए बहुत कुछ किया जाना है। और "बहुत काम" कहकर हम वास्तव में काम की मात्रा को कम कर रहे हैं। हम में से बहुत सड़कों पर गरीब लोगों की जरूरतों के प्रति अब भी उदासीन हैं। हम अभी भी समाज के लिए अपना हिस्सा नहीं करते हैं। हम अभी भी हमारी अपनी जरूरतों पर पैसे उखड़ते हैं, जबकि इन वंचितों को अभी भी एक दिन का भोजन प्राप्त करने के लिए संघर्ष करना पड़ता है। सभी सामाजिक बुराइयों के लिए यह उदासीनता और अनजानता हमें कहीं नहीं ले जाता है। यदि हमें यह सपना हासिल करना है, तो हमें कार्य करना होगा और अब कार्य करें!

इस संगठन का गठन भारतीय पेशेवरों को ध्यान में रखते हुए किया गया है। हम दृढ़ता से मानते हैं कि यह युवाओं और भारत के पेशेवरों में है कि उनका भविष्य निहित है। चाहे वे दुनिया के अग्रणी नेता बन जाएं या दुनिया के दूसरे देश के रूप में दूर हो जाएं, भारत की विशाल युवा आबादी के हाथों में निहित है। हमें भरोसा है कि शिक्षा आज के बच्चों के भविष्य को हासिल करने में महत्वपूर्ण है और मुख्य रूप से देश में वंचितों की शिक्षा पर ध्यान केंद्रित करती है, इसके अलावा हमारी दूसरी गतिविधियों के अलावा आप इस वेबसाइट में पढ़ सकते हैं। हम इस कारण के लिए आपके सभी समर्थन की मांग करते हैं और ईमानदारी से उम्मीद करते हैं कि राष्ट्र के वंचितों के बीच में परिवर्तन करने के हमारे छोटे प्रयास राष्ट्र के चेहरे को बदलने में काफी लंबा रास्ता तय करेंगे। एकसाथ हम कर सकते है!!! साथ में हमें चाहिए !!! जय हिन्द!!!

विजन

भारत को गरीबी और निरक्षरता से मुक्त देखने के लिए जहां गरीबों को सशक्त बनाया जाता है, भारत जहां गरीबों और अमीर के बीच का पुल स्वीकार्य सीमाओं के भीतर है एक भारत जिसकी आज के वंचित युवा आज कल सफल हो जाते हैं, खुद के लिए जगह बनाते हैं, और देश के विकास में योगदान करने में सक्षम हैं। अंत में हम एक ऐसे भारत का भी सपना देखते हैं जिसमें हर एक शिक्षित आत्मा को समाज से जो कुछ ले लिया है उसे वापस देने के महत्व को समझता है। और यह कि भारत शक्ति से बढ़कर शक्ति बना देता है

मिशन

भारत के युवाओं की नाजुक और असीम ऊर्जा, भावना और शक्ति को जुटाने के लिए, वंचितों के जीवन के सुधार के उद्देश्य से गतिविधियों को पूरा करना और अंडर-विशेषाधिकारित बच्चों की शिक्षा भी शामिल है। हम एक ही इलाकों में रहने वाले लोगों के समूह बनाने और उन्हें अपने संबंधित इलाकों में उपर्युक्त गतिविधियों को पूरा करने के लिए इसे प्राप्त करने की आशा करते हैं। हम मानते हैं कि देश के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में ऐसा काम हो रहा है और बहुत से लोगों की मदद करेगी

Author-Shivam singh

© Copyright 2018.
All rights reserved.

email-shivam.singh.rajput2017@gmail.com

ARTICLE IN POLLUTION

Pollution contributes to the harmful environment that results in adverse effect on living beings. It is one of the major concern areas for the whole world. It is a global issue involving the United Nations, governments, voluntary institutions and the media.

Students need to be made fully aware of the adverse effects of rising pollution. Also, being the future generation, they can play a vital role in controlling pollution if they are familiar with this threat to the survival of mankind.

Here we are providing you some useful articles on pollution under various categories according to varying words limits. You can choose any of them according to your need:

POLLUTION ARTICLES

Anything added into the environment that results in producing harmful or poisonous effect on living things is called pollution. Pollution is the process that makes nature’s resources such as land, water, air or other parts of the environment unsafe or unsuitable to use. Pollution can be of many types:  soil, air, water, thermal, radioactive, noise, and light. The toxins released are inhaled by each one of us while we breathe.

Pollution and its Causes

Inhaling poisonous air is as hazardous as smoking. It is not only the humans who are affected from this polluted environment but also the animals. Air is filled with highly toxic gases. These dangerous gases in environment are released by the power industries that burn fossil fuels, industries that dispose wastes in the water, farmers using pesticides, high usage of artificial lights and loud sounds, etc. Each of these leads to generation of the life threatening cause – pollution.

Any use of natural resources at a rate higher than the nature’s capacity to restore itself can result in pollution of air, water, and land. Other than human activities, there are a few periodic natural cycles that also result in release of dangerous stuff. Natural activities other than the human activities like volcanic eruption, dust wildfires, etc also result in creation of pollution.

Globalization is another major cause of pollution. Globalization has become an effective facilitator of environmental degradation.

Pollution cannot be reduced or controlled if a sense of responsibility towards our Mother Earth is not felt by all concerned.

Pollution is a process of making the environment dirty, unhealthy and unsuitable for humans and animals to live. It is caused due to the release of both tangible and intangible contaminants. These can be released naturally or by humans themselves accidentally or deliberately.

More than 200 million people are affected due to toxic pollutants. Due to pollution, there are few countries that have faced defected child birth and increase in mortality rate. Humans are regularly exposed to pollution when they inhale toxic air inside them.

Pollution can be controlled, if not eliminated. Efforts such as promoting green environment, proper disposal of waste, etc are simple steps that lead to great emphasis on maintaining the order of environment.

Preventive measures:

1. Plant trees/cultivate garden to curb polluted air and release more oxygen.
2. Switch off electricity-based equipments when not in use: lights, fans, machines, etc.
3. Make high use of natural energy than electric energy: dry the clothes naturally.
4. Use recyclable products, wherever possible.
5. Avoid plastic bags and use paper bags.
6. Avoid wastage of paper and use both the sides.
7. Restrict usage of hazardous chemicals.
8. Don’t overuse heaters and air conditioners.
9. Use public transport to reduce noise, air and light pollution.
10. Protect Mother Earth by not spilling oil, garbage, sewage water, etc at undesirable places.
11. Stop burning of crackers during marriages, Diwali, etc.
12. Don’t dispose off eatables, packaging in oceans, rivers, etc.

Pollution disturbs our ecosystem and the balance in the environment. By following the above simple points, we all can restrict pollution at our own level.

Each year millions of people die due to various diseases caused by pollution. The key to live a healthy life is to protect the environment from pollution.

The increase in the pollution level over the years by human and natural causes has caused severe damage to the earth’s ecosystem. Lifestyle, habitat, etc everything is being adversely affected. Though natural causes cannot be stopped, but human beings’ accidental and deliberate actions can easily be stopped which surely will result in the control of pollution generation.

Types of Pollution:

Major pollutions and their causes:

1. Land Pollution – Wastes collated at Earth’s surface, garbage on roads, industrial debris, pesticides, insecticides, etc. Unwanted wastes lying and being decomposed release harmful gases and lead to pollution.
2. Water Pollution – Wastes disposed of in rivers, oceans act as pollutant in water bodies. Raw sewage, oil spills, chemical refuse, etc create poisonous water and hence lead to water pollution.
3. Air pollution – Burning of fossil fuels, release of gases from vehicles release mono-oxide, carbon-di-oxide, industrial pollution, nuclear radiations etc lead to air pollution.
4. Noise Pollution – Vehicle horns, loud music, construction machinery sounds, and other human activities create noise. This affects humans and animals, their natural vegetation and create Noise Pollution.
5. Thermal Pollution – Manufacturing activities lead to rise in the temperature of water and land. This affects marine and plant life. Such activities lead to thermal pollution.

-Pollution today poses a major threat to the survival of the world we live in. Smoke or dust released in the air is the major type of pollution as it is extremely bad for the humans as it directly affects the lungs. Sewage, harmful content in drinking water is another major type of pollution that makes people unhealthy and ill because it contains disease-causing germs and viruses.

The environmental consequences of sudden rapid industrialization have resulted in various incidents of land, air and water resources sites being contaminated with toxic materials and other pollutants, threatening humans and ecosystems with serious health risks.

During manufacturing and construction activities every bit of natural resources is exploited to covert these into goods that fulfil the needs of the countries. A major cause for all the causes listed above is the manufacturing that leads to major types of pollution.

People living next to a building site where there is too much noise and construction activities rigorously going on tend to fall sick.

Pollution can be considered as direct or indirect change in any component of the biosphere that is harmful to the living components and in particular undesirable for humans, affecting adversely the industrial progress, cultural and natural assets or general environment of living society.

The biggest irony of all this is that even if we know that the earth is getting polluted, ultimately it is the human beings themselves who dig their own grave by doing deliberate activities because of which pollution is caused. It does not only spoil human beings’ health but also worsen their quality of life.

Role of the Government:

The Government has launched various pollution prevention policies and Acts that focus on preventing and controlling pollution by random means such as the following:

Adoption of clean and low waste technology, reusing and recycling, environment audit and pollution monitoring activities, reducing hazardous materials at source wherever feasible, promoting recycling of waste, etc.

To give effect to the government policies, various steps have been initiated which include statutory stringent regulations, development of environmental standards, control of pollution generated through vehicles, spatial environmental planning including industrial estates and preparation of zoning atlas.

Pollution control is a recent environmental concern. The Government in order to evade pollution has encouraged industries to regard ‘pollution’ as an economic problem and take reasonable actions to control the release of polluted/toxic/harmful gases at their end.

Few major pollution control measures undertaken by the government are:

• Implementation of waste minimization techniques and adoption of appropriate pollution control measures.
• Spreading awareness messages through programs on usage of cleaner technologies and pollution control.
• Assistance for sustainable development.
• Ban on usage of plastic bags, creation of paper bags.
• Creation of no-honking zones.
• Policy of creating industrial sites away from the city.
• Creation of garbage stacks so as to avoid littering on land.. Population control will also help to save the world from environmental pollution. Scientific exploitation of natural resources is yet another step to prevent environmental pollution

Pollution is an act of contaminating the environment by introducing certain hazardous contaminants that lead to disturbance of ecosystem and directly or indirectly affect the human beings, animals, plants of the ecosystem. Pollution causes the disturbance of the natural system and balance of environment.

Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, water and soil that may harmfully affect life or create potential health hazard of any living organism. Technological advancements done by humans are also one of the main reasons of pollution on the Earth.

Various types of pollution are caused, but mainly the following lead to life threatening and adverse effects on the humans:

1. Air Pollution

The most dangerous and common type of pollution, caused by release of harmful gases in the air. It is majorly caused due to the direct release of chemicals into the environment by industries. The polluted air we breathe goes into our whole body and affects all the body systems mainly the respiratory functions.

Causes of Air Pollution: Burning of fuels, smoke from vehicles, fireworks, burning of woods, and release of hazardous chemicals or chemical gases from industries or factories.

Effects of Air Pollution: Air pollution causes life threatening diseases like asthma, cancer, bronchitis, lung disorder, and many more. Depletion of ozone layer is also a cause of air pollution.

Solutions to prevent Air Pollution: Conserve energy, stop fireworks, reduce-reuse-recycle, usage of energy efficient equipments, usage of public transport, etc.

2. Soil Pollution

Release of harmful substances in soil is the major cause of contamination of soil. Soil pollution causes an indirect damage to humans and other animals. The nutrients taken by the plants are then transferred to the consumers that depend on these plants. Hence a soil consisting of contaminants will not only affect the plants growing on the soil but it will also indirectly harm the entire food chain.

Causes of Soil Pollution: Release of industrial wastes from large factories or industries, release of chemical wastes, agricultural chemicals, deforestation, use of pesticides, mining activities, burning of trees or plants, etc.

Effects of Soil Pollution: Soil pollution causes direct effect on plants growth, soil fertility, change in soil structure, toxic dusts, and chronic health problems to humans.

Solutions to prevent Soil Pollution: Reduce the use of plastics, reduce wastes, crop organic foods without using fertilizers and pesticides, use of biodegradable products, place liquid chemicals in the spill-proof containers, solid waste treatment, reuse and recycle things, etc.

3. Water Pollution

Major part of the Earth’s surface is covered with water and more than half of the total population of the species reside in water. Water is one of the most important natural resources for humans and natural vegetation to survive. Water used from a polluted lake directly contaminates its user.

Causes of Water Pollution: Direct incorporation of hazardous pollutants, Disposal of wastes in water from factories and industries, garbage disposal by humans in rivers, etc.

Effect of Water Pollution: Water creatures are on the verge of extinction, drinking contaminated water causes serious health disorders, etc.

Solutions to prevent Water Pollution: Don’t throw waste or rubbish in the rivers, oceans, use water wisely, don’t throw oil, medicines, harmful liquids in the water, buy environmentally safe liquids for cleaning purpose, etc.

4. Noise Pollution

Increase in noise level leads to Noise Pollution. It is not caused due to release of chemicals or toxins or hazardous gases but is just the loud noise generated in the environment. Noise is defined as the unpleasant sound that has an adverse effect on the human ear. Though the causes of this pollution are unlike others, but the effect of this pollution is as hazardous as other types of pollutions. It directly penetrates into human minds and leads to mental disorders as a major result.

Causes of Noise Pollution: Major cause is the honking of moving vehicles, loud music, running of machines at sites, radio, TV, etc.

Effect of Noise Pollution: Psychological illness, bad behaviour, irritation, hypertension, depression, forgetfulness, annoyance, stress, aggression and many more. It not only affects humans but also animals and many times lead to their cause of death due to unbearable level.

Solutions to prevent Noise Pollution: Obey the rule of no-honking until and unless necessary, construction of soundproof rooms for the heavy machines, no misuse of loudspeakers, growing trees along with roads are some of the ways to absorb sound.

Conclusion:

With the rising rate of pollution over the years, there is a worrisome increase in the rate of human diseases, and death rate of humans, various animals and plants on earth. Though pollution is released both by natural and human activities, but majorly it is created due to human activities, which can easily be minimized to reduce the pollution rate.Every individual owns certain responsibility of maintaining few points such as not throwing garbage all around, growing trees, using public transport instead of their own, etc. We must shun excessive consumption and avoid careless and deliberate disposal of post-consumption waste resources which could otherwise be recycled and would led to pollution control.

Author-Shivam singh

© Copyright 2018. All rights reserved.

email-shivam.singh.rajput2017@gmail.com

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA -shivam singh

 CONSTITUTION OF INDIA -shivam singh                                                                    

                              CONTENTS

                                                     

                                    

PREAMBLE

                                          PART I

THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

ARTICLE

  1       Name and territory of the Union.

  2       Admission or establishment of new States.

2A       [Repealed.]

  3       Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States.

  4       Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.

PART II

CITIZENSHIP

  5       Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.

  6       Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.

  7       Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.

  8       Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing    outside India.

  9       Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.

10       Continuance of the rights of citizenship.

11       Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

PART III

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

General

12       Definition.

13       Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.

 

                      Right to Equality

            14           Equality before law.

15	Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
16	Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
17	Abolition of Untouchability.
18	Abolition of titles.
	Right to Freedom
19	Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
20	Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
21	Protection of life and personal liberty.
22	Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
	Right against Exploitation
23	Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
24	Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
	Right to  Freedom of Religion
25	Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
26	Freedom to manage religious affairs.
27	Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
28	Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.
	Cultural and Educational Rights
29	Protection of interests of minorities.
30	Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
31	[Repealed.]
	Saving of Certain Laws
31A	Saving of Laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
31B	Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
31C	Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.
31D	[Repealed.]
	Right to Constitutional Remedies
32	Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.
32A	[Repealed.]
33	Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.
34	Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area.
35	Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.
	PART IV DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
36	Definition.
37	Application of the principles contained in this Part.
38	State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
39	Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.
39A	Equal justice and free legal aid.
40	Organisation of village panchayats.
41	Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.
42	Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
43	Living wage, etc., for workers.
43A	Participation of workers in management of industries.
44	Uniform civil code for the citizens.
45	Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
46	Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.
47	Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
48	Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
48A	Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life.
49	Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.
50	Separation of judiciary from executive.
51	Promotion of international peace and security.
	PART IVA FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
51A	Fundamental duties.
	PART V THE UNION CHAPTER I.¾-THE EXECUTIVE The President and Vice-President
52	The President of India.
53	Executive power of the Union.
54	Election of President.
55	Manner of election of President.
56	Term of office of President.
57	Eligibility for re-election.
58	Qualifications for election as President.
59	Conditions of President’s office.
60	Oath or affirmation by the President.
61	Procedure for impeachment of the President.
62	Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
63	The Vice-President of India.
64	The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
65	The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President.
66	Election of Vice-President.
67	Term of office of Vice-President.
68	Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
69	Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.
70	Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies.
71	Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President.
72	Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
73	Extent of executive power of the Union.
	Council of Ministers
74	Council of Ministers  to aid and advise President.
75	Other provisions as to Ministers.
	The Attorney-General for India
76	Attorney-General for India.
	Conduct of Government Business
77	Conduct of business of the Government of India.
78	Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.
	CHAPTER  II.¾-PARLIAMENT General
79	Constitution of Parliament.
80	Composition of the Council of States.
81	Composition of the House of the People.
82	Readjustment after each census.
83	Duration of Houses of Parliament.
84	Qualification for membership of Parliament.
85	Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.
86	Right of President to address and send messages to Houses.
87	Special address by the President.
88	Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.
	Officers of Parliament
89	The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
90	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman.
91	Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
92	The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
93	The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People .
94	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
95	Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
96	The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
97	Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
98	Secretariat of Parliament.
	Conduct of Business
99	Oath or affirmation by members.
100	Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
	Disqualifications of Members
101	Vacation of seats.
102	Disqualifications for membership.
103	Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
104	Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
	Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
105	Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof.
106	Salaries and allowances of members.
	Legislative Procedure
107	Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
108	Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.
109	Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
110	Definition of “Money Bills”.
111	Assent to Bills.
	Procedure in Financial Matters
112	Annual financial statement.
113	Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.
114	Appropriation Bills.
115	Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
116	Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
117	Special provisions as to financial Bills.
	Procedure Generally
118	Rules of procedure.
119	Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business.
120	Language to be used in Parliament.
121	Restriction on discussion in Parliament.
122	Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.
	CHAPTER III.¾LEGISLATIVE  POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
123	Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of  Parliament.
	CHAPTER IV.¾ THE UNION JUDICIARY
124	Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court.
125	Salaries, etc., of Judges.
126	Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
127	Appointment of ad hoc judges.
128	Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court.
129	Supreme Court to be a court of record.
130	Seat of Supreme Court.
131	Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
131A	[Repealed.]
132	Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases.
133	Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil matters.
134	Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters.
134A	Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.
135	Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court.
136	Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
137	Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.
138	Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
139	Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs.
139A	Transfer of certain cases.
140	Ancillary powers of Supreme Court.
141	Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.
142	Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
143	Power of President to consult Supreme Court.
144	Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
144A	[Repealed.]
145	Rules of Court, etc.
146	Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court.
147	Interpretation.
	CHAPTER V.¾ COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA
148	Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
149	Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.
150	Form of accounts of the Union and of the States.
151	Audit reports.
	PART VI THE STATES CHAPTER I.¾ GENERAL
152	Definition.
	CHAPTER II.¾ THE EXECUTIVE The Governor
153	Governors of States.
154	Executive power of State.
155	Appointment of Governor.
156	Term of office of Governor.
157	Qualifications for appointment as Governor.
158	Conditions of Governor’s office
159	Oath or affirmation by the Governor.
160	Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies.
161	Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
162	Extent of executive power of State.
	Council of Ministers
163	Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
164	Other provisions as to Ministers.
	The Advocate-General for the State
165	Advocate-General for the State.
	Conduct of Government Business
166	Conduct of business of the Government of a State.
167	Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
	CHAPTER III.¾THE STATE LEGISLATURE General
168	Constitution of Legislatures in States.
169	Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
170	Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
171	Composition of the Legislative Councils.
172	Duration of State Legislatures.
173	Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.
174	Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
175	Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
176	Special address by the Governor.
177	Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses.
	Officers of the State Legislature
178	The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
179	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker  and Deputy Speaker.
180	Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
181	The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
182	The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
183	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
184	Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
185	The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
186	Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
187	Secretariat of State Legislature.
	Conduct of Business
188	Oath or affirmation by members.
189	Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
	Disqualifications of Members
190	Vacation of seats.
191	Disqualifications for membership.
192	Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
193	Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
	Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
194	Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof.
195	Salaries and allowances of members.
	Legislative Procedure
196	Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
197	Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills.
198	Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
199	Definition of “Money Bills”.
200	Assent to Bills.
201	Bills reserved for consideration.
	Procedure in Financial Matters
202	Annual financial statement.
203	Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
204	Appropriation Bills.
205	Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
206	Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
207	Special provisions as to financial Bills.
	Procedure Generally
208	Rules of procedure.
209	Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business.
210	Language to be used in the Legislature.
211	Restriction on discussion in the Legislature.
212	Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.
	CHAPTER IV.¾- LEGISLATIVE  POWER OF THE GOVERNOR
213	Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
	CHAPTER V---THE  HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES
214	High Courts for States.
215	High Courts to be courts of record.
216	Constitution of High Courts.
217	Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.
218	Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts.
219	Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.
220	Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.
221	Salaries, etc., of Judges.
222	Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.
223	Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
224	Appointment of additional and acting Judges.
224A	Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.
225	Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.
226	Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
226A	[Repealed..]
227	Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.
228	Transfer of certain cases to High Court.
228A	[Repealed.]
229	Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
230	Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.
231	Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.
	CHAPTER VI¾SUBORDINATE COURTS
233	Appointment of district judges.
233A	Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges.
234	Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.
235	Control over subordinate courts.
236	Interpretation.
237	Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.
	PART VII THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE
238	[Repealed.]
	PART VIII THE UNION TERRITORIES
239	Administration of Union territories.
239A	Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories.
239A	Special provisions with respect to Delhi.
239AA	Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
239AB	Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
240	Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
241	High Courts for Union territories.
242	[Repealed.]
	PART IX THE PANCHAYATS
243	Definitions.
243A	Gram Sabha.
243B	Constitution of Panchayats.
243C	Composition of Panchayats.
243D	Reservation of seats.
243E	Duration of Panchayats, etc.
243F	Disqualifications for membership.
243G	Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
243H	Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.
243-I	Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position.
243J	Audit of accounts of Pachayats.
243K	Elections to the Panchayats.
243L	Application to Union  territories.
243M	Part not to apply to certain areas.
243N	Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.
243-O	Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
	PART IXA THE MUNICIPALITIES
243P	Definitions.
243Q	Constitution of Municipalities.
243R	Composition of Municipalities.
243S	Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
243T	Reservation of seats.
243U	Duration of Municipalities, etc.
243V	Disqualifications for membership.
243W	Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
243X.	Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.
243	Finance Commission.
243Z	Audit of accounts of Municipalities.
243ZA	Elections to the Municipalities.
243ZB	Application to Union territories.
243ZC	Part not to apply to certain areas.
243ZD	Committee for district planning.
243ZE	Committee for Metropolitan planning.
243ZF	Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.
243ZG	Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters.
	PART X THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
244	Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
244A	Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.
	PART XI RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES CHAPTER I.¾LEGISLATIVE  RELATIONS Distribution of Legislative Powers
245	Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
246	Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
247	Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
248	Residuary powers of legislation.
249	Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest.
250	Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
251	Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
252	Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.
253	Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
254	Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
255	Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.
	CHAPTER II.¾ ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS General
256	Obligation of States and the Union.
257	Control of the Union over States in certain cases.
257A	[Repealed.]
258	Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
258A	Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
259	[Repealed.]
260	Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
261	Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.
	Disputes relating to Waters
262	Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of  inter-State rivers or river valleys.
	Co-ordination between States
263	Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.
	PART XII FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS CHAPTER I.¾FINANCE General
264	Interpretation.
265	Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.
266	Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
267	Contingency Fund.
	Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
268	Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State.
269	Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
270	Taxes levied and  distributed between the Union and the States.
271	Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
272	[Repealed.]
273	Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
274	Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested.
275	Grants from the Union to certain States.
276	Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
277	Savings.
278	[Repealed.]
279	Calculation of  “net proceeds”, etc.
280	Finance Commission.
281	Recommendations of the Finance Commission.
	Miscellaneous financial provisions
282	Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues.
283	Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts.
284	Custody of suitors’  deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts.
285	Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.
286	Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
287	Exemption from taxes on electricity.
288	Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases.
289	Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
290	Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.
290A	Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.
291	[Repealed.]
	CHAPTER II.¾ BORROWING
292	Borrowing by the Government of India.
293	Borrowing by States.
	CHAPTER III.¾ PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES,         OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS
294	Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases.
295	Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases.
296	Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia.
297	Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
298	Power to carry on trade, etc.
299	Contracts.
300	Suits and proceedings.
	CHAPTER IV.¾ RIGHT  TO PROPERTY
300A	Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.
	PART XIII TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA
301	Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.
302	Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
303	Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce.
304	Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.
305	Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
306	[Repealed.]
307	Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.
	PART XIV SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES CHAPTER I.¾ SERVICES
308	Interpretation.
309	Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.
310	Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.
311	Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
312	All-India services.
312A	Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services.
313	Transitional provisions.
314	[Repeated.]
	CHAPTER II.—PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
315	Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
316	Appointment and term of office of members.
317	Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
318	Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.
319	Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members.
320	Functions of Public Service Commissions.
321	Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
322	Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
323	Reports of Public Service Commissions.
	PART XIVA TRIBUNALS
323A	Administrative tribunals.
323B	Tribunals for other matters.
	PART XV ELECTIONS
324	Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
325	No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
326	Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
327	Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
328	Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
329	Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
329A	[Repealed.]
	PART XVI SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES
330	Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
331	Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
332	Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
333	Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
334	Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years.
335	Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
336	Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
337	Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian Community.
338	National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
338A	National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
339	Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
340	Appointment of  a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.
341	Scheduled Castes.
342	Scheduled Tribes.
	PART XVII OFFICIAL LANGUAGE CHAPTER I.—LANGUAGE OF THE UNION
343	Official language of the Union.
344	Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.
	CHAPTER II.¾ REGIONAL LANGUAGES
345	Official language or languages of a State.
346	Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.
347	Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.
	CHAPTER III.¾LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT,  HIGH COURTS, ETC.
348	Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
349	Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.
	CHAPTER IV.¾-SPECIAL DIRECTIVES
350	Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances.
350A	Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.
350B	Special Officer for linguistic minorities.
351	Directive for development of the Hindi language.
	PART XVIII EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
352	Proclamation of Emergency.
353	Effect of Proclamation of Emergency.
354	Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
355	Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance.
356	Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States.
357	Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356.
358	Suspension  of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.
359	Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies.
359A	[Repealed.]
360	Provisions as to financial emergency.
	PART XIX MISCELLANEOUS
361	Protection of President and Governors and Rajprakukhs.
361A	Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures.
361B	Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post.
362	[Repealed.]
363	Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.
363A	Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished.
364	Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.
365	Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union.
366	Definitions.
367	Interpretation.
	PART XX AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
368	Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.
	PART XXI TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND  SPECIAL PROVISIONS
369	Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List.
370	Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
371	Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
371A	Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.
371B	Special provision with respect to the State of Assam.
371C	Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur.
371D	Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.
371E	Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.
371F	Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.
371G	Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
371H	Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.
371-I	Special provision with respect to the State of  Goa.
372	Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation.
372A	Power of the President to adapt laws.
373	Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases.
374	Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council.
375	Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution.
376	Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.
377	Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
378	Provisions as to Public Service Commissions.
378A	Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
379-391	[Repealed.]
392	Power of the President to remove difficulties.
	PART XXII SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS
393	Short title.
394	Commencement.
394A	Authoritative text in the Hindi language.
395	Repeals.

SCHEDULES

 

FIRST SCHEDULE 

      I. —The States.

     II. —The Union territories.

SECOND SCHEDULE                            

     PART A—- Provisions as to the President and the Governors of States.

     PART B—[Repealed.]

PART C—Provisions as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of   the House of  the    People   and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of   the Council   of      States   and   the  Speaker  and  the  Deputy Speaker  of  the   Legislative Assembly and the Chairman  and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative  Council of a State.                                     

    PART D— Provisions as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts.

     PART E— Provisions as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.

THIRD  SCHEDULE— Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.

FOURTH  SCHEDULE—

Allocation of seats in the Council of States.

FIFTH SCHEDULE—

 Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled                                          Areas and Scheduled Tribes

      PART A—General.

      PART B—Administration and  Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.

      PART C— Scheduled Areas.

      PART D—Amendment of the Schedule.

SIXTH SCHEDULE—

Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.

 SEVENTH SCHEDULE—

 List I — Union List.

      List II— State List.

      List III— Concurrent List.

EIGHTH SCHEDULE— Languages.

NINTH SCHEDULE—Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.

TENTH SCHEDULE— Provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection.

ELEVENTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.

TWELFTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.

APPENDIX

APPENDIX  I—The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.

APPENDIX II— Re-statement, with reference to the present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies  to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

APPENDIX  III—Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978

APPENDIX IV—The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002.

APPENDIX V—The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.

INDEX

Author-Shivam singh

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email-shivam.singh.rajput2017@gmail.com